Method and apparatus for assembling an array of micro-devices

ABSTRACT

The invention describes a method and apparatus for deploying micromachined actuators in a plane which is orthogonal to the original fabrication plane of the devices. Using batch-processing, photolithographic procedures known in the micromachined electro-mechanical system (MEMS) art, a plurality of devices is constructed on a suitable substrate. The devices are then separated one from another by sawing and dicing the original fabrication wafer. The devices are rotated into an orthogonal orientation and affixed to a second wafer. The second wafer also contains circuitry for addressing and manipulating each of the devices independently of the others. With this method and apparatus, arrays of actuators are constructed whose plane of actuation is perpendicular to the plane of the array. This invention is useful for constructing N×M fiber optic switches, which direct light from N input fibers into M output fibers.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This US patent application is being filed concurrently with U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled OPTICAL CROSS-CONNECT SWITCH WITH MICRO-ELECTRO-MECHANICAL ACTUATOR CELLS, by Hichwa, et al., (Attorney docket no. OC0101US); and U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled LOW INERTIA LATCHING MICROACTUATOR, by Feierabend, et al. (docket no. 103000-IMT MagMotor); and U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled OPTICAL SWITCH WITH LOW-INERTIA MICROMIRROR, by Hichwa, et al. (Attorney docket no. OC0100US), the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated in their entirety for all purposes.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

REFERENCE TO MICROFICHE APPENDIX

Not applicable.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to micromachined electromechanical systems (MEMS), and their use in switching technology for optical telecommunications.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Arrays of high speed, high precision actuation devices are becoming required for a proliferating number of applications, in diverse fields. Deep space astronomical observatories may use multifaceted mirrors, each facet independently controlled by a precision actuator. Digital projection cameras manipulate a plurality of reflectors, in order to cast an image onto a projection screen.

But optical telecommunications in particular, have an urgent need for high bandwidth, low inertia, microactuated reflectors. This industry uses optical wavelength radiation in communication channels, spanning long distances via optical fiber. The fiber generally carries single mode light, but with a bandwidth such that multiple frequencies can be transmitted by a single fiber strand. Called dense wavelength divisional multiplexing (DWDM), each of the multiple frequencies carries a single channel on a specific frequency within the fiber bandwidth.

A major technical challenge for optical telecommunications is switching the optical beams from a set of input fibers to a set of output fibers. Presently, this switching is achieved by converting the optical signal into an electrical signal, switching the signal electronically to the output circuit, and then converting the electrical signal back into modulated light that is inserted into an output fiber. This procedure has many disadvantages, including high cost, complexity, large footprint, and is relatively difficult to upgrade as bandwidths and frequencies change with time.

It is desirable therefore, to accomplish this switching without converting the light into electrical signals. An array of optical switches would address this application, wherein each optical switch (a micromirror) would redirect light from one of N input optical fibers into one of M output fibers. N×M array of such switches would constitute an all-optical N×M fabric for a telecommunications fiber network.

For such high speed, high precision applications, stringent design criteria are set on the physical and mechanical properties of the actuator. It should have low inertia and low power requirements. For low cost applications, it should also be mechanically simple. These considerations have led to the miniaturization of familiar electromechanical devices, using photolithographic processing rather than machining bulk components. Formation of sub-millimeter scale electromechanical systems is now well known in the art, as micromachined electromechanical systems, or MEMS.

Micromachined solenoidal magnetic actuators are known in the MEMS art as micro-solenoid switches. Typically, a slug of magnetic material is affixed to a piston or plunger, and a coil is provided whose diameter is sufficient to admit the slug into its interior. The coil is then energized to repel or attract the slug, depending on the direction of current in the coil. The resulting linear mechanical motion is used to actuate various linear devices, such as opening and closing a switch or valve, or driving a piston. An embodiment of a linear, solenoidal micro-actuator is found for example, in Guckel, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,644,177 (1997), “Micromechanical magnetically actuated devices.”

Another design option is a rotary actuator. This device resembles a miniaturized electromagnetic motor, with a ferromagnetic core material deposited on the substrate and wound with an electrical coil. The core is patterned with some arrangement of gaps, into each of which protrudes a driven member which interacts magnetostatically with the flux across the gap. A plurality of such elements, when driven in the proper sequence and timing, can produce a positive torque on a freely rotating member. Magnetostatic micromotors can be used as rotary actuators by mounting the device of interest onto the moving member, i.e. the rotor. This concept is clearly described in Mehregany, et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,029,337 (2000), “Methods of fabricating micromotors with utilitarian features.”

However each of these MEMS devices suffer from a common drawback, which is that the actuation motion is constrained by design and fabrication considerations, to be in the fabrication plane of the device. For example with solenoidal electromagnetic actuator, such as described in the aforementioned prior art, motion of the magnetic slug is required to be in the fabrication plane of the device. For the rotary micromotor, the device is mounted on the rotor, and so rotates in the plane of fabrication of the motor.

Many applications require motion in the orthogonal plane, i.e. vertical to the original plane of fabrication of the MEMS device, and an array of such devices is needed. Examples of such applications include ailerons composed of a multitude of fluid flow diverters, actuated or pivoting in the vertical direction relative to the array. N×M optical switches require an array of independently addressable shutters or reflectors, in which the plane of actuation of the individual devices is orthogonal to the plane of the array, in order to intercept the beams of light passing over the horizon of the array. Projection cameras and multi-faceted reflectors require a tilting motion of the individual mirrors.

Therefore the MEMS fabrication substrate, cannot serve as the array plane for these applications, because the plane of actuation would be parallel to, not perpendicular to, the plane of the array.

Additional beams, gears and bearings can translate actuator motion out-of-plane, as in Ho et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,629,918 (1997), “Electromagnetically actuated micromachined flap.” In this invention a flap, which is the moving member of the actuator, is coupled by one or more beams to a substrate and thereby cantilevered out of the plan of the substrate. While conceptually this invention allows larger motions in out-of-plane directions, the need for multiple beams and pivots seriously complicates the design and fabrication of the device, and deleteriously affects tolerances and rigidity.

Therefore, an assembly of MEMS actuation devices, operating as an array, and with the plane of motion of each device being substantially perpendicular to the plane of the array, is not heretofore known in the art. Accordingly, there is a distinctly felt need for such an assembly of MEMS devices in a wide variety of applications, and in particular, within the optical telecommunications industry.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention described herein is an assembly method and apparatus used to mount a plurality of MEMS devices into an array. Each MEMS device is a low inertia, high bandwidth microactuator carrying the device of interest (shutter, piston, optical element, etc.). In the embodiment described here, each MEMS actuator carries an optical micromirror on the actuator arm. A plurality of like devices is fabricated on a silicon substrate, using processes known in the MEMS art.

Each of the devices is separated into individual dies after fabrication, by sawing the wafer into rows, and sawing the rows into individual dies. The dies are then individually mounted and adjusted on another substrate using an apparatus equipped with vertical and azimuthal actuation means. This second carrier wafer serves as a miniature optical table for the dies.

To achieve the desired plane of motion, the dies are rotated out of their original plane of fabrication, before being affixed to the second carrier wafer. In the preferred embodiment, a 90 degree rotation transforms the original plane of motion into one orthogonal to the plane of the array, as desired. Fine adjustment of the positioning is then accomplished with a feedback mechanism which optimizes the placement before the die is affixed to the second carrier wafer.

The carrier wafer has previously been photolithographically processed using techniques well known in semiconductor device fabrication, to form the supporting electronic circuitry to address and control each MEMS device. This second wafer, carrying the electronic circuitry, is henceforth termed the “circuit wafer”, as to distinguish from the original MEMS fabrication wafer.

As a result, the finished circuit wafer comprises an array of micromechanical reflectors, which each reflector independently addressable by associated circuitry. The array of reflectors in designed for use in the optical telecommunications industry, with each mirror capable of extension and retraction out of the plane of the array. This invention gives rise to the following significant advantages:

-   -   1. Ability to assemble switching devices in which the plane of         the mirror is in the MEMS fabrication plane (which provides the         highest quality, lowest loss mirror), but the mirror is deployed         in the transverse plane, to intercept beams of light.     -   2. Ability to pre-test individual dies or rows and assemble only         properly functioning devices (“yielded dies”). This is in         contrast to optical switch arrays built on a wafer in which a         non-yielding die means an imperfect assembled device. Such         arrays consequently have either very demanding yield         requirements or must be designed with sufficient duplicity to         overcome the yield problems.     -   3. Ability to assemble optical switches with precise alignment         independent of warping of substrate materials, and various other         manufacturing defects, using a feedback mechanism during         assembly.     -   4. Ability to use one type of optical switch for a large number         of different assemblies for different applications. For example,         this includes the ability to assemble N×M switch arrays where N         and M are any positive integer, using the same building block         die.     -   5. Ability to assemble more than one type of die into an         assembly of dies.     -   6. Ability to assemble a packaged device that is hermetically         sealed, the hermetic seal can be confirmed, and the gas enclosed         is such that the cooling of the device inside the package is         optimized or the mechanical damping of the device is optimized.

The method and apparatus for constructing this array is the subject of this invention disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 a, b are simplified diagrams of the MEMS actuator in the retracted (a) and extended (b) positions;

FIG. 2 a depicts a simplified view of an individual MEMS device occupying a single die; FIG. 2 b shows the device as residing on its fabrication wafer; FIG. 2 c shows the MEMS fabrication wafer in perspective view; FIG. 2 d illustrates a single row sawed from the wafer. FIG. 2 e shows the wafer rotated 90 degrees from the original plane of fabrication.

FIG. 3 illustrates an individual die mounted to the circuit substrate;

FIG. 4 depicts an array of dies on the circuit substrate;

FIG. 5 illustrates the reflection of fight from a number of input fibers to a number of output fibers;

FIG. 6 illustrates the attachment method and apparatus according to the present invention;

FIG. 7 is an end-view of an individual die, showing the electrical bonding pads and the mechanical bonding pads.

FIG. 8 shows an alternative method, in which holes are formed in the circuit substrate and plated with a conducting film;

FIG. 9 a is a simplified diagram of the tooling fixture for array assembly; FIG. 9 b shows the elevation mechanism of the tooling assembly;

FIG. 10 is a simplified top-down view of the alignment process underway.

FIG. 11 is a simplified side view of the array assembly with the output fiber block in place;

FIG. 12 is a simplified schematic diagram of the feedback apparatus used for aligning the individual die;

FIG. 13 shows the packaging of the finished array device.

REFERENCE NUMERALS IN THE DRAWINGS

21 MEMS fabrication wafer 22 circuit wafer 28 mirror 30 die 32 bond pads 34 bond pads 36 conductive trace 40 conductive trace 44 external bonding pads 48 external bond pads 60 solder bump 70 eutectic solder bump 72 mechanical bonding pad 80 plated conducting film 90 die holder 94 vacuum hole 96 die holder cutout 100 elevation actuator 102 azimuth actuator 104 actuator body 106 piezoelectric 110 light source 112 focus lens 120 optical input fiber 122 lens 124 optical fiber 126 lens 128 fiber mounting block 130 fiber mounting block 230 XYZ bench 220 light source 222 light detector 224 amplifier 226 feedback logic 228 computer controller 520 lid 522 eutectic seal 524 gas

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A unique MEMS actuator is used for the embodiment, because it possesses uniquely large throw and multiple stable positions. Although the design of this low inertia microactuator is not the subject of this invention, it is used for this embodiment because of its advantageous features. As shown diagrammatically in FIGS. 1 a and 1 b, the actuator comprises a magnetic core with a gap affixed to the substrate, and wound with an electrical coil, as in a micromotor. Energizing of the coil induces a magnetic flux through the core material, and across the gap in the core. The driven member is a hinge-mounted structure, which pivots about a stationary point. The driven member includes a tab of magnetic material, which interacts with the core gap field, to impel motion of the member about the pivot point. A micromirror is fabricated on the actuator arm of the low inertia micromechanical actuator. The operational side retains its flat surface and supports the optical coatings.

These two constituents, the low inertia microactuator, carrying the micromirror, are fabricated on a composite silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. Using batch lithographic processes well known in the MEMS are, a plurality of like devices are constructed on a single SOI substrate. It is desired to separate each individual die, in order to mount them on the circuit wafer which contains the electronic circuitry to drive the individual devices.

FIG. 2 a shows an individual MEMS device, which forms a single cell in the MEM fabrication wafer of FIG. 2 b. The plane of the mirror is in the plane of the MEMS wafer. Rows of these dies are cut from the wafer using a technique well known in the silicon and disk drive recording head industries. These rows can be further cut into individual dies or shorter rows of fewer dies. FIG. 2 shows die 30 that is sliced from MEMS fabrication wafer 21. The rows and/or dies are then rotated 90 degrees and presented to the circuit wafer. The rotation changes the plane of the mirror to be perpendicular to the circuit wafer. These processes are depicted in FIG. 2 c-2 e.

FIG. 3 shows die 30 mounted to the circuit wafer. Electrically conductive traces 36 and 40 connect bond pads 32 and 34 of die 30 to bond pads 44 and 48. External electrical connection can be made to bond pads 44 and 48 by means well known in the art of packaging electronic devices.

FIG. 4 depicts an array of dies and rows on circuit wafer 22, with an array of electrical connections. FIG. 5 illustrates the way in which light from a number of input fibers can be directed to different output fibers. For each input fiber, a mirror can be raised (put in the extended position) to direct the light to a given output fiber. To redirect the light to a different fiber, that mirror is lowered (put in the retracted position) and the appropriate mirror is put in the up position. Circuit wafer 22 allows the electrical connection to all the actuator/mirror dies.

FIG. 6 shows a schematic for the preferred attachment method between die 30 and circuit wafer 22. An array of eutectic solder bumps 70 is attached to the circuit wafer. These eutectics are well known in the bonding industries, and the skilled reader will understand that a variety of glues, adhesives, and other materials could be substituted and the bond can be made anodically or by another means. Solder bumps 60 are also attached to the circuit wafer, and they are in turn electrically connected to traces 36 and 40 by direct contact. FIG. 7 shows and end-view of die 30 which depicts the exposed contact bond pads 32 and 34 of die 30, as well as exposed mechanical bond pads 72 of die 30. Note that mechanical bond pads 72 are located on both sides of die 30, and there are corresponding eutectic solder bumps 70 for each mechanical bond pad 72.

By placing the eutectic solder bumps 70 on both sides of the die, the assembled part of die 30 and circuit wafer 22 is made relatively insensitive to changes in stress at the contact area. The changes in stress could be from a variety of material or environmental factors, such as temperature, stress-relief or aging with the passing of time, etc. With a bond on one side of die 30 only, such changes could result in a change in the angle of die 30 with respect to circuit wafer 22, or a translation between the two pieces. In the current invention, with solder bumps on both sides, there can be changes in stress with very little change in the angles, and virtually no translation.

In the assembly process, die 30 is pressed against the circuit wafer and heat is applied and then removed. At that time, an electrical connection is made between bond pads 32 and 34 and solder bumps 60, respectively. Also, a mechanical connection is made between solder bumps 70 and mechanical bond pads 72 which are located on die 30. In this way, the die is held fast and the electrical connection is made to the die.

In the preferred embodiment, solder bumps 70 are applied to the circuit wafer in discrete shapes instead of a continuous film. This allows the eutectic to flow onto the die or row directly instead of flowing to an adjacent die, aided by the surface tension of the eutectic.

FIG. 8 shows another embodiment in which holes are formed in circuit wafer (many methods are well known in the art) and electrically conductive material is attached to the inside of the holes, shown in the diagram as conductive plated films 80. In this case, the electrical connection is made between bond pads 32 and 34 and bond pads 44 and 48, but 44 and 48 exist on the other side of the circuit wafer. This allows a number of benefits, including separation of the circuitry of circuit wafer from the packing of dies.

An additional embodiment is one in which the electrical connections made between bond pads 32 and 34 and the circuit elements on circuit substrate 22 are made by using ball bonding, a technique well known and long practiced in the electronics industry.

Precision placement of the die onto the circuit wafer is accomplished by an articulated tooling fixture equipped with a feedback device. FIG. 9 a shows a simplified diagram of the tooling fixture. Die 30 is held in die holder 90 by vacuum holes 94 and pressure between tensioner 92 and die holder 90. Two-dimensional actuation of die 30 is performed by elevation actuator 100 and azimuth actuator 102. These actuators provide the necessary range for alignment of die 30 with respect to circuit substrate 22. A schematic of elevation actuator 100 is shown in FIG. 9 b. Elevation actuator 100 is comprised of actuator body 104 and piezoelectric 106. Piezoelectric 106 would typically be made of a ceramic piezoelectric material, capable of moving several microns with application of hundreds of volts. Actuator body 104 flexes with the expansion or contraction of piezoelectric 106, giving rise to rotation. This method of rotation is well known in the art. It will be understood by the reader that azimuth actuator 102 is a similar mechanism to elevation actuator 100, but rotated 90 degrees.

Light source 110 emits light which passes through line focus lens 112, whose function is to generate a line focus of light along the intersection of die 30 and the circuit wafer, heating each along their line of contact. This light source will provide heat to activate the adhesive, when the die is properly oriented.

Orientation of the die holder by the articulated fixture, is under feedback control. The feedback mechanism is shown in FIGS. 10 and 11. A light source 220 is delivered by an optical fiber 120 through a lens 122. Cutout 96 in die holder 90 is a through-hole that allows light from light source 220 to pass through the die holder to the mirror 28 on die 30. The mirror reflects that light toward lens 126 and fiber 124. Measuring the intensity of the light in fiber 124 produces the feedback signal. The die is affixed to the circuit wafer when the light intensity is optimized.

FIG. 10 shows the view from above during alignment. (Die holder 90 and various components from FIG. 9 have been omitted from the drawing for simplicity). Fiber mounting blocks 128 and 130 are mounted to circuit substrate 22. Fibers 120 and 124 and lenses 122 and 126 are mounted to fiber mounting blocks 128 and 120 as shown. FIG. 11 shows the side view, with the output block, fiber and lens not shown for simplicity.

The feedback assembly is shown schematically in FIG. 12. The assembly procedure is as follows: (For simplicity, the presence of die holder 90 and various components from FIG. 9 have been omitted from the drawing). XYZ bench 230 is used to properly position circuit wafer 22 with respect to the die by translating in three dimensions. After the die is loaded into the die holder, XYZ bench 230 is activated to bring the circuit wafer into close proximity to the die. Light from light source 220 is applied to input fiber 120 and input lens 122 collimates the light. The resulting beam of light reflects off mirror 28 to output lens 126 that focuses the light onto output fiber 124. (The angular relationship between input fiber 120, mirror 28 and output fiber 124 is as shown in FIG. 10 and their relationship is shown in FIG. 12 is purely schematic.) The light intensity is then detected by light detector 222, amplified by amplifier 224 and the resulting signal is provided to feedback electronics 226.

Under computer 208 control, feedback electronics 226 drives actuators 100 and 102 to optimize the signal intensity of light detector 222. By optimizing the mirror angles in azimuth and elevation, the signal strength is increased. Computer 228 determines the rate of progress of the optimization and at such time that the progress is determined to be sufficient, the feedback electronics halts and locks the signal to actuators 100 and 102 and computer 228 sends a trigger signal to light source 110.

Light emitted from light source 110 is focused by line focus lens 112 onto the area of proximity between die 30 and the circuit wafer, sufficiently heating the region to cause the eutectic 70 to melt, bridging between die 30 and the circuit wafer, aided by surface tension of the eutectic. (See FIG. 7 for the spatial relationship between eutectic 50 and the bond pads of die 30.) After a brief time, computer 228 signals light source 110 to turn off, the eutectic 70 cools and solidifies, and the bonding operation is complete with the die 30 accurately placed with respect to circuit wafer and input and output optical fibers and lenses.

It should be understood that all references to mounting, aligning and bonding dies can also be applied to rows of various lengths which include some number of dies, and that the invention herein covers these cases. In addition, the assembly technique with feedback can be applied to a single die at a time in order to generate a multi-mirror switch array, or can be applied to many dies or rows at a time.

A further embodiment of this invention is the method used in sealing the packaging around circuit wafer and the input and output fibers. The problem to be solved is to hermetically seal the package, allow testing of the hermetic seal, and to optimize the cooling or mechanical damping of interior parts in the finished packaged device. Referring to FIG. 13, lid 520 is applied to circuit wafer with a eutectic seal 522 around all edges. This technique is well known in packaging art. The environmental atmosphere at the time of sealing is controlled to be a specific gas at a specific pressure. To accomplish this, the unsealed package must be placed in a vacuum chamber and the pressure reduced to allow sufficient out gassing of the materials. Then the environment is filled with the proper gas at the proper pressure, and the two pieces of the package, the circuit wafer and lid are pressed together, with a combination of pressure and temperature, as required by the eutectic. Gas 524 is thereby hermetically sealed inside the package between circuit substrate 22 and lid 520.

To check the eutectic seal, the chamber is again pumped to a high vacuum and leak checking is performed with a residual gas analyzer, well known in the art of vacuum engineering.

The specific gas and specific pressure chosen for the package depends on the requirements for the device. For optimum cooling, helium gas is chosen with the pressure such that the mean free path of the helium molecules in the device is approximately the dimension of a characteristic length of the device, i.e. the height of the inside of the package. For mechanical damping, the gas chosen could be xenon and the pressure is adjusted for the proper damping, potentially greater than 1 atmosphere.

While the invention has been particularly described and illustrated with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that changes in the description and illustrations may be made with respect to form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the present invention is to be considered as encompassing all modifications and variations coming within the scope defined by the following claims. 

1. An apparatus for bringing an individual die separated from a first wafer and contained in a die holder adjacent to a second wafer, said apparatus comprising: an elevation actuator to adjust the elevation of said die in said holder relative to the second wafer; and an azimuthal actuator to adjust the azimuthal orientation of said die in said die holder relative to the second wafer.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a slab of piezoelectric material affixed to said elevation actuator and said azimuthal actuator, to impart motion to the actuators to effect the adjustment of the orientation of said die in said die holder, with respect to the second wafer.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a light source for heating the contact points of said die and said second wafer.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a light source impinging on a surface of said die and scattered by the die; an optical detector which produces a signal in response to the light scattered by said die; and logic circuitry to control said apparatus based on the signal from the optical detector.
 5. An array of lithographically fabricated MEMS devices comprising: a plurality of individual dies containing the individual MEMS devices, each die having been separated from adjacent dies on the original fabrication wafer, with each die of the plurality having been oriented in the correct position with respect to a second wafer, and affixed mechanically to said second wafer.
 6. An array of lithographically fabricated MEMS devices according to claim 5, wherein each individual die in the array is connected electrically to supporting circuiting in said second wafer.
 7. An array of lithographically fabricated MEMS devices according to claim 5, wherein said second wafer contains electronic circuitry to manipulate said MEMS devices.
 8. An array of lithographically fabricated MEMS devices according to claim 5, wherein each individual die has been rotated out of the original plane of fabrication.
 9. An array of lithographically fabricated MEMS devices according to claim 5, wherein the dies in the array are not all alike.
 10. An array of lithographically fabricated MEMS devices according to claim 5, wherein the MEMS device is a utilitarian feature affixed to a microactuator.
 11. An array of lithographically fabricated MEMS devices according to claim 5, wherein the MEMS device is fluid flow diverter affixed to a MEMS microactuator.
 12. An array of lithographically fabricated MEMS devices according to claim 5, wherein the MEMS device is an electrical relay affixed to a MEMS microactuator.
 13. An array of lithographically fabricated MEMS devices according to claim 5, wherein the utilitarian features differ among the plurality of individual devices.
 14. An array of lithographically fabricated MEMS devices according to claim 5, wherein all utilitarian features are the same among the plurality of utilitarian devices.
 15. An array of lithographically fabricated MEMS devices according to claim 5, wherein the MEMS device is an optical element affixed to a MEMS microactuator.
 16. An array of lithographically fabricated MEMS devices according to claim 15, wherein said optical element is a mirror.
 17. An array of lithographically fabricated MEMS devices according to claim 16, wherein the array is coupled with a block of N input optical fibers and a block of M exit optical fibers, forming an N×M fiber optic switch. 